Answer brief question about budhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer brief inquiry regarding budhism - Essay Example In spite of the fact that I concur that the conditions of nirodha and nirvana ease one all things considered, yet these states are just legends for people who are in their faculties, and are in this way out of reach in the genuine sense. Moreover, the idea of a way wherein there is no enduring at all is bogus. Finishing up, I feel that all facts are shocking with the exception of the subsequent one. 2. Ans. Budda is thought of as Vishnu’s Avatar in Hinduism. Bhagavata Purana thinks about Buddha as the 24th symbol, and says that Buddha prefigures the last manifestation. Moreover, numerous Hindus think about Buddha as the ninth symbol. I can't help contradicting the conviction that Buddha is like a Hindu god in figure. Affiliating the figure of Buddha with the Hindu god is a perspective that attempts to blend Buddhism into Hinduism, though the two are entirely unexpected religions in all actuality. The lessons of the Buddha deny Veda’s authority. 3. Ans. Images in Buddhis m are important. They speak to specific ideas and pass on specific messages. Regularly, images help the correspondence and upgrade the transport of ideas. â€Å"â€Å"Mandala,† a Sanskrit word truly meaning, â€Å"a circle and surroundings,† is an all inclusive image of edification for both the watcher and the artist† (Webster University). Mandala is of a tremendous noteworthiness in the Buddhists’ revere.

Anselm Kiefer Example For Students

Anselm Kiefer Biography Outline1 Biography2 Key Ideas in painting3 Famous works of art made by Anselm Kiefer4 Sculptures5 Photography Life story Anselm Kiefer is a German painter, artist, and picture taker. He was conceived on March 8 in the little German town of Donaueschingen in 1945. He experienced childhood in an instructors family. In the wake of accepting the declaration of development Kiefer entered in 1965 in the University of Freiburg, where he examined law and sentiment, however after a year moved to the Faculty of Arts. Exploring the subject of blame of his age, Kiefer got one of the primary specialists who straightforwardly went to the topics of Nazism and the Holocaust. In 1980, Kiefer was among the specialists who spoke to Germany at the Venice Biennale. Anselm Kiefer turned into the first craftsman to get the World Book Trade Prize, as w ell as the Nobel Prize in the Arts Premium Imperiale, granted by the Japan Art Association. In the following years, his displays were held in various spots: in Kunsthalle in Dã ¼sseldorf, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, the Royal Academy in London, the Grand Palais and the Pompidou Center in Paris. Anselm Kiefer is the main living craftsman whose works are a piece of the perpetual assortment of the Louver. Since 1993, he lives and works in France, where he made the modern research facility an inventive lab in the branch of Gar. Key Ideas in painting Kiefers way is frequently contrasted with Van Gogh. The craftsman regularly adds to the paint different components like residue, little sections of corroded metal, tree roots, dried blossoms. Hence, each canvas transforms into a verbose entangled story loaded up with importance and, thus, causes a passionate and mental impact on the watcher. The imaginative way to deal with history, religion, theory, and supernatural quality decides all of Kiefers work. The focal topics of his works are the history and folklore of Germany, its national character, just as the legends of Scandinavia; this Kiefer appears in his artistic creations related to the awfulness of th e Holocaust and as yet living thoughts of Nazism. Celebrated canvases made by Anselm Kiefer In 2016, Anselm Kiefer, roused by a visit to St. Petersburg, made another display venture for the Hermitage. Kiefer presented the canvases that he committed to the Russian futurist artist, the experimenter of word creation Velimir Khlebnikov. At the presentation were introduced around 30 new works extraordinarily made for this undertaking. Here are some of them: One of the 30 works by Anselm Kiefer at the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum. â€Å"1770 Chesma 1770-951=819 Normans in France† 1770 Chesma 1770-Aurora Incidentally, the Museum of the State Hermitage purchased this work (Aurora) by Anselm Kiefer for very nearly 64 million rubles a little more than 1 million dollars. The image was somewhat paid for by the cash collected through gifts. A canvas â€Å"Battles at Sea† by Anselm Kiefer, at June 27 was sold at the closeout house, Phillips. The image was made for a long time, from 2004 to 2010 and its unique expense was  £ 400-600 thousand. In any case, at long last, the cost was surpassed multiple times. Figures Not exclusively is this work of art known to this skilled individual, yet in addition figures and establishments. Anselm made numerous models committed to the universe. In 2002, for the Pirelli distribution centers, the craftsman made a progression of models made up of 3D squares with entryways called Towers, which by one way or another look like the acclaimed Leaning Tower of Pisa, as they are likewise somewhat slanted. Additionally, he made a few works that skillful consolidate painting, figure, and establishment. This is a sort of exchange among innovation and the damaging past. .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 , .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .postImageUrl , .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 , .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5:hover , .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5:visited , .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5:active { border:0!important; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5:active , .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3f869 dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3f869dbd9eed05ce13a5b69ea7a18bd5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: RaphaelIn 2007, the triptych Anselm entered the lasting presentation of the Louver. It comprises of the artwork Athanor and two models Danae and Hortus Conclusus. Photography The beginning stage in his work as a picture taker was a progression of photos in 1969 in Galerie am Kaiserplatz, Karlsruhe under the title Besetzungen (Occupation). The craftsman pulled back himself in the uniform of an official of the Third Reich with a Nazi salute in different urban communities of Europe, for which he was nearly blamed for feeling for Nazism.

Admissions Essay Samples - Teaches You How to Write Your Resume

Admissions Essay Samples - Teaches You How to Write Your ResumeYou have been reading a lot of books and studying about essay writing and this is the time you want to write an admissions essay. The old cliche that you can 'write what you know' applies here and you need to be a lot more creative than before. Writing Harvard admission essays is not that easy but you can really get a lot of help from Harvard admission essay samples.There are a lot of sources that you can get help from when it comes to writing your admission essay. The thing about these tips is that they are often specific to one college or the other. Still, you can use them as references.If you are going to a highly competitive entry level college, your essay should take on the look of an acceptance speech. Your Harvard admission essay samples will be able to guide you on how to handle the subject. You should be able to make your reader feel good about themselves by presenting yourself as the perfect candidate for Harvar d.There are still things that you need to do in order to be successful. First of all, make sure that you research the school that you are applying to and make sure that you understand everything about it. This will make it easier for you to write your essay. Harvard admission essay samples will be able to give you a lot of ideas on what you should talk about and what types of questions you need to ask.Second, write your essay as if you are giving a talk at a school of your choice. Keep the reader's attention by using the basics of communication. The proper tone is also important. Don't give too much information because this may seem like an attempt to cheat.While reading and applying to Harvard admission essays are not difficult, they are definitely not easy. Make sure that you have a plan of action for each section. You should be able to make your readers feel that they are part of the university and that they are joining the great students.Harvard admission essay samples are not s omething that you can just find. These are topics that many students find hard to deal with. Harvard's website is your best source of all these. It is very easy to get a bunch of information about what you need to do and you can apply it to your own essay.Many students complain that essays are very hard to write. However, it can be really fun if you know how to handle it. You can learn a lot from the other people who are doing the same thing as you. Even if you can't think of some Harvard admission essay samples in your area, you can always find a lot of information online.

Water Pollution in America Essay - 563 Words

When you think of problems in the world today, water pollution isn’t one that would normally come up. In fact it is one of the worst problems in the world today. Water pollution, by definition, is the contamination of streams, lakes, underground water, bays, or oceans by any substances harmful to living things. All living things contain water and most need water to survive, so water pollution is a big problem. If severe, the pollution can kill off birds, fish, and any animals that use the water source. In some cases even killing an entire species. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Keeping the pollution to a minimal isn’t the easiest thing in the world to do. The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, or physical materials that†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Heavy metals, such as copper, lead, mercury, and selenium are another group of toxins that pollute the water as well as the rest of the environment. The source of many of these pollutants are industries, automobile exhaust, mines, and even natural soil. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hazardous wastes are another problem for the water in our world. These wastes are toxic, reactive, corrosive or ignitable. Most problems come from humans not storing the substance properly or not disposing of it correctly. This can be easily proven in 1969, when the Cuyahoga River, in Cleveland, Ohio, caught on fire and burned for sometime. Since this happened environmentalists have taken extreme measures to reduce the amount of pollution that is coming out of the power plants that are on the river and on Lake Erie. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thermal pollution is the final problem that I am going to discuss. Thermal pollution is probably the most over-looked pollution problem. Water is often drawn from sources for the use as a coolant in power plants and factories. The water is usually returned to the source much warmer than when it was taken. Even a small temperature change in the water can make groups of organisms move along to different waters. There can even be death to all organismsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Water Pollution in America2964 Words   |  12 Pages Water pollution and pollution in general is a problem that people don’t like to deal with. Water pollution can cause so much damage to people and to the animals that live in that body of water. The laws that we have are doing what they need to but we need to monitor the water more closely because if we don’t catch the pollution when it happens it could have a disastrous impact on the environment. It could kill all of the plant and animal life that lives in the water. Some of the pollutions thatRead MoreIn America, Air Pollution Was An Insidious Problem That1486 Words   |  6 Pages In America, air pollution was an insidious problem that became so great that the government had to step in and create laws in order to regulate human activity involving pollutants. Humans generate air pollution through the combustion of fossil fuels and wood, driving a motorized vehicle, and industrial processes, such as the smelting of heavy metals. Most air pollution exists in urban areas where heavy industries prevail. The Industrial Revolution in the late twentieth century caused air pollutionRead MoreEffects Of Pollution On Our Natural Environment Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesthan within it.† ― Patrick Ness. Environmental pollution is one of the greatest dangers to our planet. Pollution destroys our natural environment and jeopardizes human existence. It’s obvious the economy finds numerous advantages in technological development. However, harmful toxins produced from the work of industrial facilities and construction sites as well as the use of transportation contaminate and pollute the environment considerably. Pollution is a process of contaminating the environmentRead MoreWater Pollution in Lake Huron1196 Words   |  5 PagesWater Pollution on Lake Huron Water Pollution on Lake Huron Introduction Pollution is the presence of dangerous and unwanted substances in the ecosystem that causes imbalance and health hazards to the living. Water pollution is the presence of unwanted substances or particles in water, which causes imbalance in water systems. Lake Huron is among the largest fresh water sources in the States located in North America. Lake Huron is one of the most polluted fresh water lakes in America. It coversRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1322 Words   |  6 Pagesspoiled to never being without is Clean Water. Water is a major concern all around the world but here in america we have rarely experienced any type of serious water shortages. Just because america has never had any problem such as lack of clean drinkable water doesn t mean it won t happen in the future. We are rapidly using all of our freshwater and with a fast growing population the effects can be seen by just looking at our Great Lakes and even at Hoover Dam. Water levels are declining in our freshwaterRead MoreThe Great Lakes Of Water Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesmade of water. 97 percent of earths water is saline water and not safe for human consumption. This leaves just 3 percent of earth’s water as fresh water most of which is icecaps and glaciers. 68 percent of the fresh water on Earth is found in icecap s and glaciers. 30 percent of fresh water is found in ground water leaving around .3 percent of earth’s water as surface fresh water. Of the .3 percent of surface fresh water the great lakes make up 84% of North America s surface fresh water and aboutRead MoreThe American Industrial City : The Issue Of Fresh Water, Water Pollution, And Smells1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Industrial City: The Issue of Fresh Water, Water Pollution, and Smells Throughout the mid-19th century, many cities across America were becoming industrialized and growing in size. As a city develops and grows, the city uses resources such as food, water, raw products, and energy. All these resources are consumed within a city. The outcome of all this consumption is the production of waste (Tarr 15). In the mid-19th century, a massive migration of Americans and wave of migrants fromRead MoreA Brief Note On Pollution And Water Pollution1159 Words   |  5 Pagespolluted river in America, many chemicals such as phosphate and chlorine can be polluted in the water. Precipitation can cause runoff water and can sweep trash and chemicals into the rivers or any nearest water source. This project is concerned about if precipitation has an effect on pollution in the Spoon river. Anybody of water that is contaminated with pollutants, is called Water Pollution. There are two types of water pollution, Nonpoint and Point specific pollution. Nonpoint pollution cannot be foundRead MorePollution Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesPollution is a nationwide habit that has caused distress among the environment and its inhabitants. This is a serious complication that we as people need to take a stand to develop solutions to prevent contaminating the our water systems, environments, air, and soil. Everyday we witness pollution or participate in polluting our country with our daily tasks. Pollution causes unexpected and devastating changes in our land, river and sea environments(â€Å"Reduce Pollution†). Pollution got my attentionRead MoreWater : The Great Lakes Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesWater Quality- The Great Lakes 71 percent of the earth’s surface is made of water. 97 percent of earths water is saline water and not safe for human consumption. This leaves just 3 percent of earth’s water as fresh water, most of which is ice caps and glaciers. 68 percent of the fresh water on Earth is found in icecaps and glaciers. 30 percent of fresh water is found in ground water leaving around .3 percent of earth’s water as surface fresh water. Of the .3 percent of surface fresh water the Great

Domestic Violence And Its Effects On Children - 1445 Words

What is domestic Violence? Domestic Violence is described as violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Many children end up being the victims to seeing domestic violence in the home which is very unhealthy to their development. Some children may development resentment toward both parents- one for not leaving and the other for causing the abuse. Depression, aggressive behavior, emotional distress and suicide depending on the severity are all signs of effects on children. Usually research is examined only for women and the effects that domestic violence has on them, but recently more and more research is being found on how domestic violence has it effects on children. Children in families experiencing domestic violence are more likely than other children to show or display aggressive, antisocial behavior and become depressed and anxious (Brown Bzostek, 2003). Researchers have found higher levels of anger, hostility, disruptive behavior, disobedience, fear and withdrawal (poor peer, sibling, and social relationships) and low self-esteem. Children exposed to domestic violence are at a higher chance of experiencing difficulties in school and score lower on assessments of verbal, motor, and cognitive skills. Slow cognitive development, may not be able to resolve conflicts in a peaceful and calming manner, limited problem solving skills, pro-violence attitudes. (Brown Bzostek, 2003; Edleson, 2006). ResearchShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1529 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1387 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children By Taralyn Dean SW 8570 March 11, 2015 Introduction Today this paper will be exploring the affects of intimate partner domestic violence and how this impacts the children. The children of theses situations are the bystanders of these physical and emotional events. This paper will review in depth what other professionals are saying about the children of the domestic violence relationships and also the findings andRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn a similar study by Ybarra, Wilkens, Lieberman (2007) the goal was to determine if domestic violence leads to functioning shortfalls, and what its effects it has on a child’s behavioral and cognitive functioning. In homes where domestic violence happens, young children are more likely to witness violence than older children. It was hypothesized that children who witnessed violence at home had lower verbal capabilities, and would display greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors. ParticipantsRead MoreEffect of Domestic Violence on Children692 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ID: S99003183; URIAM ROBATI ABSTRACT Domestic Violence has a great effect on children. Domestic violence also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or child abuse is recognized as a pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners especially those in marriage. This coercive behavior is used against another person to obtain power and control over the other party in a relationship. Domestic violence takes many forms such as physical violence which includesRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today . First, whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children And Children1541 Words   |  7 Pageslife. Domestic abused affect women and children. Lots of women are more at risk in their own home. Spouse abuses happen when one person in the marriage chooses to control the other party by using fair intimidation physical, emotional abuse. Domestic violence displaced many families because they are trying to get away from their abuser. Abuse can range from physical, mentally, emotional or psychological. One of every 5 woman are said to have experience an abuse from their partner. The effect of DomesticRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children908 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Domestic Violence on Children by Mary Pelham English 1010-19 5 October 2011 Pelham i Outline I. Effects on younger children A. Feelings of deprivation Read MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Many children witness domestic violence each day. Most times, children witness their mothers being abuse by their fathers, step-fathers, or mother’s boyfriends. According to Couchenour and Chrisman (2011), â€Å"Women and children are at greater risk of being victims of abuse than are men† (p. 131). Witnessing violence or being abused at home has serious effects on children. This article explains the short-term and long-term effects that domestic violence hasRead MoreEffects Of Domestic Violence On Children990 Words   |  4 Pagesexposed to domestic violence at an early age, that child adapts to these adverse circumstance and situations (Holmes, 2013). Therefore, children who are regularly exposed to domestic violence may initially display less aggressive behaviors than children who are never exposed. However, this is due to their fear of being a victim of a physical assault (Holmes, 2013). This finding was interesting because it shows how deeply the children are affe cted by exposure to domestic violence. The children becomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1444 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to domestic abuse there are signs to watch for and if caught early enough one can stop it before it begins. In violent relationships the ultimate goal of the abuser is to have complete control over the abused. According to Shattered Lives magazine, â€Å"One out of every four households experience a form of domestic violence† (1). When one feels they have nowhere to go they become more attached and often have children with their perpetrator. The children also play a part in the family members

Humour and Leadership Free Essays

Leaders in today’s cut throat world of corporate industry face an enormous challenge. In the midst of achieving the organisation’s goals and pursuing profits, how do leaders build teamwork, motivate their subordinates, convey their sometimes demanding managerial concerns and reduce stress in a way that produces positivity and productivity? Is it possible to be serious at work without actually being serious at work? To answer this question, this essay will look at research surrounding leadership characteristics and investigate how humour can practically have an impact on leadership effectiveness. How do we define humour? Humour is a verbal or nonverbal activity eliciting a positive cognitive or affective response from listeners and must be connected to context in order to be truly funny. We will write a custom essay sample on Humour and Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now The definition includes puns, jokes, stories, anecdotes, physical actions etc (Meyer, 1990). According to Sarros and Barker (2003), humour is the ability to invoke laughter or see the funny side of a painful predicament. In their study of Australian managers, Sarros and Barker (2003) established that the character attribute of humour was rated the second highest behind integrity. Humour may seem an unlikely component for a leader, however Barker and Coy (2003) also recognised the importance of humour. They identified seven virtues by which Australian executives could be identified and humour was included. Eckert and Vehar (2000) state: â€Å"It’s possible to do serious work without being serious. In fact, it’s actually counterproductive to do it any other way. Research on environments that foster innovation shows that playfulness and humour are critically supportive elements. We can be serious about what we’re doing without taking ourselves seriously, and we must. With humour in the workplace being established as a component for effective leadership, the way in which it is used needs to be looked at. According to Anderson (2011), humour is best when it is used deliberately, and advises it to be planned but flow naturally according to one’s personality. There are many opportunities for humor to be used. While the telling of a joke is a good starting point, humour that uplifts is much more positive and this can occur during speeches, within memos or even at the conclusion of an email (Avolia et al 1999). There are many benefits as to why a leader would use humour in the workplace. According to Davis and Kleiner (1989), humour has the potential to achieve three outcomes, these are, 1. Stress Reduction in the workplace, 2. Conveying managerial concerns and 3. Motivating employees. Hughes and Avey (2009) add weight to this as their research suggests that when a leader uses humour, they elicit a greater commitment from their followers to the organisation and build a much deeper level of trust. Furthermore Holmes and Marra’s (2006) research on humour in the work place identified a wide range of functions including the use of humour as a solidarity strategy, establishing, maintaining and developing workplace relationships and contributing to the process of creating a sense of team through humour as a subversive strategy, contesting, challenging and undermining the achievement of workplace objectives. Humour in the workplace is incredibly profitable for some organisations. According to Stevenson (2004) organisations are starting to see the important role that humour plays towards leadership, motivation, innovation and creativity. Some of these initiatives have been stated by Morreall (1983) and include such organisations as Kodak and Price Waterhouse establishing humour rooms within their buildings. He goes on to add that because humour has such a profound affect on the body, even hospitals are using it to enhance the healing process. You could argue that God, through Solomon’s writings, has always been aware of the powerful impact humour can have; â€Å"A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. † Proverbs 17 v 22 (TNIV 2005). I am currently working as a youth worker for a not for profit organisation. The nature of working in community welfare can be at times be extremely serious, so to counter the seriousness our team have written into our yearly plan to include times of spontaneous dancing in the office. Not that anyone can seem to dance with any real coordination or skill. However it’s exactly the opposite and it allows our team to laugh at and with each other as a way of building morale and combating stress relief. Not all leaders are funny and not all humour is effective. When a leader tries too hard to be funny, it has the potential to undermine their leadership. If the humour is seen as sarcastic or mean spirited, it will certainly alienate staff (Sala 2003). In a list of cautions given by Jonas (2004), who agrees with the idea that humour should be handled like hazardous material, the list of cautions include: Aggressive or put down humour which attacks people or humour based on topics which centre on sex or illegal activity. One would have to include humour which degrades gender and humour which slanders religious beliefs also. Avolio, Howell and Sosik (1999) found that some employee’s view the use of humor to be inconsistent with the seriousness of the issues being examined and, depending upon the circumstances, the inappropriate use of humor may have detracted from, rather than contributing to, the eventual outcomes. In some instances, Avolio et al. also believe the use of humour leads employees to view their leaders as insensitive to their needs. When a leader uses humour, there is significant potential for good outcomes. Humour has the ability to go beneath the surface and affect the working environment to such an extent that organisations are seeing the benefit of including ‘humour rooms’ within their organisation. A simple joke about work which is shared among colleagues has the potential to build solidarity and form a bond between colleagues which in turn provides a more positive working environment and greater productivity. While there are some dangers in using humour, however a leader who uses humour wisely can most certainly have an effective and positive impact in their workplace. How to cite Humour and Leadership, Papers

Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance Two Historical Art Periods free essay sample

These art periods have many differences yet their evolution have many of the same reasons for existing. The artistic evolution of â€Å"Surrealism† commenced in France in the mid 1920’s; emanating from an earlier evolution they called Dadaism from Switzerland (Ducksters). This literary evolution was cultivated by Andre Breton; his intent was to unbridle the subconscious’ imagination. This evolution became an international occurrence drawing from imagery of violence where one’s own images from the private mind that utilized the free association methods of Sigmund Freud. The Freudian methods of free association were a development of a literary evolution that cultivated and drew from an unexpected truculently belligerent imagery, an art form not of the normal tradition. This art form had no reasoning traditions or societal limitations that sanctioned it not only to engender surprising imagery but an allowance from the barriers that normal weren’t broken. The Harlem Renaissance historical period commenced on the cusp of the cessation Surrealism art period, encompassing a race that had no authentic voice until this period was born. We will write a custom essay sample on Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance Two Historical Art Periods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While this period’s ideology commenced in the early 20th century by the African American middle class blossoming in 1918. African Americans peregrinate to urban spaces in the north from South’s rural areas bring to light this art’s period’s evolution social foundation. This evolution dramatically opened SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENNAISANCE socioeconomic opportunities for African Americans such as; the engenderment of national African American civil rights organizations, developing the races pride additionally incrementing elevating the levels of literacy for this race. The importance that art and culture played toward this goal cannot be overstated as During the Harlem Renaissance the utilization of artists, poets, and jazz music were employed instead of political means to achieve the goals of equality and civil rights† (Biography, 2012). The relationships between the two historical art periods existed in the French Colonies 3 territories belonging to t he Caribbean and Africa. These French colonies native Black graduates whom verbalized French and regained their African heritage utilizing the values Harlem Renaissance and Surrealism. The ideals of the father of Surrealism â€Å"Andre Breton† rooted this evolution therefore linking Harlem Renaissance’s era of black intellectuals. Such as Richard Wright who eluded segregation and racism in the Amalgamated States by fleeing to France. Others included Claude Mckay as well as Langston Hughes. This evolution additionally known as the â€Å"Negritude evolution† utilized the ideals of the artists in accordance with the notions of surrealism. The similarities lie within the struggle to shatter the conventional norms and discernment of society with surrealism endeavoring to do so toward the prudish and aristocratic society that imbue the history of France leading up to the crusade. The Harlem Renaissance progression endeavored to break the racist and biased preconceptions about African Americans. Both of these forms of evolution used art, literature, and music with regard to the Harlem Renaissance, to cultivate a vicissitude in the conventional societys psyche. The differences are that with the Harlem Renaissance, Blacks had to fight many interferences that did not exist with surrealism, beginning with the color of their skin. In SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENNAISANCE integration, the Renaissance was heavily efficacious toward Civil Rights and involved in the evolution. Surrealism did not have a holistic agenda regarding human rights, but rather fixated on human identity. 4 The 1930s depression resulted in the tangential from the Harlem Renaissance, yet remained a critical influence on the future Civil Rights Evolution that would originate in the 1960s (Biography, 2012). Surrealism disseminated because of WW2 (Metmuseum, 2012). Aaron Douglas Harlem Renaissance’s most approbate artists with his four paneled mural â€Å"Aspects of Negro Life† his best-known work. This mural was completed in series of panels for the New York Public Library located on 135th street of Harlem. The mural followed the quest for freedom of African Americans, from their move from Africa to the U. S. in enslavement then sovereignty after the Civil War to life in the avant-garde city. His style was delineated by profound portraits that amalgamate African sculpture, jazz music, dance and other compendia into the artwork. Max Ernst a German surrealist engendered The Barbarians in 1937, which was a work of art that circumscribed the surrealism evolution by bestow composition consisting of sparring human-like figures in a isolated post-apocalyptic landscape that emphasize violence and annihilation representative of Surrealist art (Exhibitions, 2012). A precursor to surrealism that was the earliest form to influence Surrealists because of its bizarre juxtaposed and erotically charged objects was Duchamps conceptually intricate Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors. This form of work related to surrealism because it was antiestablishment and unconventional fixating on pushing the envelope of what was considered acceptable in conventional society (Metmuseum, 2012). SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENNAISANCE The lasting affect that surrealisms had on the art world could be visually perceived in Arshile Gorkys work wherein surrealism accommodated as the continuum between the new Abstract Expressionism art evolution (Metmuseum, 2012). The Harlem Renaissance had a cumbersomely hefty influence on the 1960s Civil Rights evolution. 5 SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENNAISANCE References 6 A E Televion Network. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. biography. com/tv/classroom/harlemrenaissance Ducksters. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. ducksters. com/history/art/surrealism. php (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://exhibitions. nypl. org/treasures/items/show/170 Voorhies, J. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/surr/hd_surr. htm

Moreau Surname Meaning and Origin

Moreau Surname Meaning and Origin Moreau is a common surname in France that is found throughout the world, including the U.S. and Canada. Alternate surname spellings for Moreau include  Morreau, Moreaux, Morreaux, Morault, Morrault, Moreault, Moreaud, Morreaud, Morault, Moraud, Morraud, Morot, Morrot, Merau, Maureau, Maure, Moro, and Moreault. Moreau Meaning The Moreau surname originated as a nickname for someone with dark skin. Its  derived from the Old French word more, meaning dark-skinned, which in turn derives from the Phoenician mauharim, meaning eastern.   Where to Find Moreau as a last name can be found in countries all over the world.  Within the borders of France, Moreau is  most common in the Poitou-Charentes region of France, followed by Centre, Pays-de-la-Loire, Limousin, and Bourgogne. The Moreau surname was most commonly found in the northern part of France, as well as in Indre, Vendee,  Deux Sà ¨vres, Loire Atlantique, and Charente Maritime in central France  between 1891 and 1915. This general  distribution held for successive decades, although Moreau was most common in Loire Atlantique between 1966 and 1990. Famous People Named Moreau Famous people with the last name Moreau include Jeanne Moreau, a legendary French actress who appeared in nearly 150 movies, including Jules and Jim and The Bride Wore Black. Auguste Francois Moreau  was a prominent Victorian and Art Nouveau sculptor. Gustave Moreau was a French symbolist painter, and Marguerite Moreau was an American actress. Moreau Family Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Moreau family crest or coat of arms for the Moreau surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Paperback, 2nd edition, Puffin, August 7, 1984. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Paperback, 1st Edition, Mercat Press, October 1, 2003. France of MOREAU between 1891 and 1915. Geopatryonyme. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, January 1, 1998. Hanks, Patrick. A Dictionary of Surnames. Flavia Hodges, Oxford University Press, February 23, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. 1st Edition, Oxford University Press, May 8, 2003. Moreau. Forebears, 2019. Reaney, Percy H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, January 1, 2005, USA. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Paperback, Genealogical Publishing Company, December 8, 2009.

How to Improve Ones Study Skills

How to Improve Ones Study Skills When it comes to excelling at the college/university level, students must focus on developing their study skills. It’s often called the â€Å"great equalizer† – because it guarantees good grades, regardless of one’s intelligence, aptitude or any other skills students have developed in their academic career. But too many students are not taught how to study effectively. For example, students are told note-taking helps them prepare for a test, though few are taught exactly how to do so. It comes down to them learning what works best for them over time. Here are 8  proven study tips to help students prepare for tests:   Study for no longer than an hour at a time without taking a break. Not only does this make better use of one’s time while studying, psychologists have learned that people learn best in short takes. Also, even when someone is not studying, their mind subconsciously works to absorb what they have previously studied, learned or been exposed to.   Separate the study of subjects that are similar in nature. The student can avoid interference and confusion if they, for example, were to study Spanish or history after studying math – and not Chemistry, with includes mathematics.   Avoid studying when tired. This has proven to be counter-productive; the student doesn’t accomplish anything when their brain is not fresh. In this case, when they are tired, physical activity and taking part in recreation is advised.   Memorize actively, not passively. The worst way to memorize is simply reading something over and over again. Instead, the student should use their senses. They can try to visualize the material they’re learning in concrete terms; they can say certain words aloud, listening as they are saying them. They can also use association – or relating the fact to be learned to something personally significant, or find a logical tie-in. Also, use mnemonic devices: ROYGBIV, for the colors of the rainbow.   Study while reading. Follow the OK4R method devised by Dr. Walter Pauk: O = Overview. Read a book or passage’s title, intro and summarizing paragraphs and headings to get a general idea of what’s being discussed; K = Key Ideas. Skim the text for key ideas, usually found in the first sentences of each paragraph; read italics and bold type, bulleted sections, itemizations, pictures, tables; R1 = Read assignments from beginning to end; R2 = Recall. Put aside the text and recall, whether mentally, verbally or in writing, the major points put forth in the text; R3 = Reflect. This helps fix the material in the student’s mind, to cement it there for long-term use, through finding relationships and significance; R4 = Review, but not right away. This comes with studying, either for a short quiz, a test, or exam at a later date.   Decide what to study and for how long. Studying the wrong thing for any period of time is, well, a waste of time.   Do difficult tasks first. To avoid procrastinating on studying for the hardest subjects, it helps to end a study session by focusing on the simpler and more interesting ones.   Use longer time/study periods for organizing relationships and concepts, as well as for outlining and writing papers, if necessary. Use shorter study periods for â€Å"rote† memorization (mechanical or habitual repetition of something to be learned), to review content, and for self-testing one’s knowledge on a given subject. Following these simple steps will ensure a significant boost in your academic performance. Dont try to follow each of them at once, its best to take one step at a time. Pick one technique and work with it until you understand if it works for you and how effective it is. Eventually you will learn to combine these steps and acquiring new information will become a piece of cake for you. Good luck with your studies, and remember should you need any academic assistance, is always happy to help!

Protecting Environment via Civil Regulating of Firms Behaviour Dissertation

Protecting Environment via Civil Regulating of Firms Behaviour - Dissertation Example This essay discusses that there are essentially three actors in environmental regulation: governments, businesses and civil society. The three actors in environmental regulation do not function separate and apart from one another as the three interact to formulate regulatory and enforcement frameworks for environmental protection. The role of civil society can be direct in terms of putting pressure on business firms to adopt environmental friendly policies or by putting pressure on governments to implement and enforce tighter environmental protection policies. Civil society has been receiving increasing attention as governments have been losing authority and resources. Civil society has been viewed as either a suitable replacement for directly regulating environmental practices by governments or a complement to state regulation of firm’s behaviour relative to the environment. This paper examines the feasibility of replacing states’ regulation of environmental behaviour by firms with civil society forms of regulation. This paper is therefore divided into three parts. The first part of this paper identifies and analyses the concerns relative the environment as a result of the behaviour of businesses. The second part of the paper analyses traditional approaches to environmental protection and thus the regulating of businesses’ environmental behaviour. The third and final part of this study analyses arguments for civil society’s involvement in the regulation of the environmental behaviour of business organizations.... role of civil society can be direct in terms of putting pressure on business firms to adopt environmental friendly policies or by putting pressure on governments to implement and enforce tighter environmental protection policies.5 Civil society has been receiving increasing attention as governments have been losing authority and resources. Civil society has been viewed as either a suitable replacement for directly regulating environmental practices by governments or a complement to state regulation of firm’s behaviour relative to the environment.6 This paper examines the feasibility of replacing states’ regulation of environmental behaviour by firms with civil society forms of regulation. This paper is therefore divided into three parts. The first part of this paper identifies and analyses the concerns relative the environment as a result of the behaviour of businesses. The second part of the paper analyses traditional approaches to environmental protection and thus the regulating of businesses’ environmental behaviour. The third and final part of this study analyses arguments for civil society’s involvement in the regulation of the environmental behaviour of business organizations. The Environment and Firms’ Behaviour By the 1980s, â€Å"social anxieties† associated with the environment, including the creation of nuclear power, advances in medicine, biology and chemicals intensified.7 Invariably, any factor connected with compromising the environment is related to nature and as such fits into Beck’s theory of risk society which takes the position that the risk society begins where nature is in danger of ending. 8 To this end, the risk society provides a conceptual framework for examining what mankind has done to nature rather than inquiring as to what

Introduction to Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction to Critical Thinking - Essay Example e of cancer is highly reported on men as compared to women since men are likely to be affected 3 times as compared to women (AGNEW, GILCHREST & BUNKER, 2005). Age bracket highly affected are those between 45 and 54 of age. Many cancers are caused by the ultra-violet radiation as this tends to suppress the immune functionality and the aging. Basing on the above fact about cancer there is an issue that tomatoes protect the skin against skin that would later prevent it against cancer infection (DELMAS, JANNIN & LATRUFFE, 2005). In this regard, this is the issue that I have chosen to discuss on in my paper. It is worthwhile noting that ultra-violet radiation from the sun exerts aging and carcinogenic effects on the skin through the oxidative stress, inflammation and damage of DNA. Due to these facts, there has been a lot of desire to find out more on skin cancer by the scientist community in using antioxidants from plant foods to protect against these damages. Through use of animal study, photo-protection has been demonstrated. This was achieved by use of variety of antioxidant supplements that involved green tea catechins, proanthocyanadins, resveratrol, and silymarin (SUN-WATERHOUSE, 2011). These substances are antioxidant. In addition, they are also able to absorb ultra-violet rays from the sun when applied typically, more so enable repair of damaged DNA and also reduce inflammations. Pink and red fruits such as tomato, grapefruit and papaya are thought to have lycopene a carotenoid antioxidant which is well known for its prostate cancer protective effects. This is usually of high content in well cocked tomato products such as tomato pastes. Lycopene is well known to be a very powerful antioxidant that is vitro which is a known to prevent or repair the damaged DNA that could lead to cancer development. Moreover, lycopene stimulates the production of antioxidant enzymes and hinders signals that could lead to development of tumours. Through recent research, it

Hate Crimes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Final English Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever had a crime committed against you? In today’s society we are faced with crime all around us. There are crimes committed out of rage, revenge, jealousy, love, greed, etc; but there is another type of crime, or one could say act of violence, called hate crimes. Have you ever thought maybe that crime was committed against just because of your racial background, or religious beliefs? Throughout this country’s history, hate crimes have taken place, either by known groups who hate and, most commonly, individuals that are inspired by hate. Not until recently have the people of this country ever wanted to pass a law that would punish the guilty to an even higher extent because the crime was committed out of hate. There are two sides to every issue. Whether or not the issue is valid or if it is an unrealistic concept created by the media or by the federal government, then, in my opinion, passing a law of this type is totally unrealistic. It is a lmost impossible to prove that a crime is committed out of a bias hate. I feel that a law that punishes hate crimes should not be passed. One main question that would be asked is, â€Å"Prove it?† Saying just that, in some cases destroys the effectiveness of the law, especially if and when the crime is committed when both parties share the same sexual, ethnic or religious back- ground. Now, I think that the money grubbing lawyers and the media would love this new law because, for one, the prosecuting lawyers would, in many cases, use it against the defendant, especially if it was a white vs. black case, or vice versa. The media would emphasize racial discrimination just because the general public, especially minorities, love controversies that may make them sympathetic. Also, I would think that this law would tie up more court time. If you think about it, there would be more cases popping up all over the place and also what ever case is going to be herd the word, hate, would probably be thrown in there as well which would drag the case out even longer. Maybe, not as much in criminal cases, but more so in civil s uites. Look at how â€Å"sue happy† the public is now. This law would only add to it. For example, people sue their neighbors for their pets going to the bathroom on their lawn. How ridiculous is that? Another example is a lady put here dog in the microwave t... ...t â€Å"rape with hate† or â€Å"murder with hate.† You should be punished for the actual crime, not your feelings that go along with it. Now even if this law were passed, would the police and courts enforce it? If they didn’t, what would be the point of passing it to begin with. I guess you could say that about any law but in my eyes I could see our â€Å"system† twisting everything around. They would probably convict innocent people of â€Å"Hate crimes† and let the guilty people of â€Å"Hate† go. I don’t think it is fair to add another category to the crime list that could in the long run, ruin some peoples lives. I just think that it is wrong. I hope you see my point of view and agree with my opinion. Bibliography Jacobs, James. Hate Crimes. Challenging Intolerance 14 Nov. 2000 >http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst-article-display?id=PA0212H- s57549sl&type=ART&artno=†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grigera, Elena. Hate Crimes. Corrections Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Nov. 2000 >http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst-article-display?id=PA0212H-s57520sl&type=Art&artno= Walker, Samuel. Hate Speech. The History of an American Controversy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques

As our civilization grows, there is also a growing passion for knowledge of the past. Archaeology is fast becoming one of the popular sciences. Most archeological finds are composed of shreds of pottery or ceramics. As archeology and modern science progress many dating techniques are being developed to be used on these fragile artefacts in order to give us a brief glimpse of our past. Many techniques are now available which allow the detailed physical and chemical characterization of ceramic artefacts.Given a suitable archaeological sample it is now possible to determine many aspects of technology, provenance, and, in some cases, its use. Several dating techniques used in archeology are superposition, artifacts of known age, stratigraphy, dendrochronology and thermoluminescence. This paper shall focus on Ceramic Analysis using three of these techniques: Dendrochronology, Radiocarbon dating and Thermoluminescence. Carbon 14 Radiocarbon dating or Carbon-14 dating is the determination o f the approximate age of an ancient object, such as an archaeological specimen, by measuring the amount of carbon 14 it contains.Radiocarbon dating was discovered by a team of scientists led by Prof. Willard Libby of the University of Chicago after World War II. Since plants and animals take up carbon-14 during their lifetime. The amount of carbon-14 in them exists in equilibrium with the C14 concentration of the atmosphere and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. As soon as a plant or animal dies, they cease the metabolic function of carbon uptake; there is no replenishment of radioactive carbon, only decay.This rate of decay was calculated by Libby’s team to be 5568 years per half-life, this means that half the C14 in the original sample will have decayed after 5568 years and after another 5568 years, half of that remaining material will have decayed, and so on. This rate of decay is what is now know as Libby’s half-life wh ich he measured at 5568 ±30 years. The true advantage of the radiocarbon method is its capability to be uniformly applied throughout the world , this is probably the primary reason why it is one of the most widely used and best-known absolute dating methods.However, it is not without its flaws, radiocarbon dating has the following limitations: 1. that after 10 half-lives there is a very small amount of radioactive carbon present in a sample, at about 50,000-60,000 years radiocarbon dating becomes inaccurate. 2. the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the atmosphere is not constant. This variation is due to changes in the intensity of the cosmic radiation bombardment of the Earth, the 1950’s nuclear testing and the depletion of the Ozone layer.3. in rare cases, a â€Å"reservoir effect† will give C-14 dates that are much older than the true age of the sample because â€Å"some plants and animals live in very unusual environments whose C-14 content is much lower than normal. â⠂¬  4. Contamination of the sample also limits the accuracy of Radiocarbon dating as when porous samples contain recently living material with a full â€Å"charge† of C-14. Finally, Radiocarbon dating can only be used on living organisms. DendrochronologyDendrochronology is the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical and cultural sciences. Its main function in archaeology is to use tree rings to date when timber was felled, transported, processed, or used for construction or wooden artefacts such as a beam or pole of an ancient structure. The principle behind using tree-rings is that â€Å"tree-ring sequences from trees that grow in a seasonal climate, i. e., with one growth increment per year, with the size of that growth dependent upon some climatic stimulus such as cold in the Polar regions, drought in the Aegean, and various combinations of the two stimuli in regions in bet ween, can be compared so that these increments, more popularly known as â€Å"rings,† can be dated to the calendar year in which they were formed. † Aside from the principle of using tree-rings, the use of Dendrochronology is governed by several other principles, these set of scientific rules must be adhered to in order for the result to be flawless.There is the Uniformitarian Principle which states that â€Å"physical and biological processes that link current environmental processes with current patterns of tree growth must have been in operation in the past,† the Principle of Limiting Factors which states that â€Å"rates of plant processes are constrained by the primary environmental variable that is most limiting,† The Principle of Aggregate Tree Growth which states that â€Å"any individual tree-growth series can be â€Å"decomposed† into an aggregate of environmental factors, both human and natural, that affected the patterns of tree growth over time,† The Principle of Ecological Amplitude stating that a specie of trees â€Å"may grow and reproduce over a certain range of habitats, referred to as its ecological amplitude,† the Principle of Sites Selection which states that â€Å"hat sites useful to dendrochronology can be identified and selected based on criteria that will produce tree-ring series sensitive to the environmental variable being examined,† the Principle of Cross-dating which states that â€Å"matching patterns in ring widths or other ring characteristics (such as ring density patterns) among several tree-ring series allow the identification of the exact year in which each tree ring was formed. † and the Principle of Replication which states â€Å"that the environmental signal being investigated can be maximized, and the amount of â€Å"noise† minimized, by sampling more than one stem radius per tree, and more than one tree per site,† the application of which is not limited to Dendrochronology only.The methodology used in Dendrochronology is cross-dating, or matching patterns of ring-growth from one tree to another and assigning rings to specific years, however, this possible only among trees growing in the same general climatic region. The good thing about dendrochronology on the other hand, is that cross-dating can sometimes be achieved in spite of human interference to ring-growth such as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward. Furthermore, visual and statistical techniques are employed to guarantee the accuracy of the matches and in addition to simple ring-width analysis, X-ray densitometric methods are used to reconstruct past environmental conditions.It is also possible that wood or charcoal samples taken from standing buildings or excavated from archaeological site s be crossdated with each other and with wood from living trees to extend the tree-ring chronology beyond the date of the oldest ring of the oldest living tree in the region. Scientists believe that the best advantage of dendrochronology is that it is the only archaeometric technique where determination of absolute dates accurate to the year is either theoretically or practically possible, but, just like any other method of dating artefacts, it suffers from several limitations. The following limits the use or accuracy of Dendrochronology: 1. in some areas of the world, particularly in the tropics, the species available do not have sufficiently distinct seasonal patterns that can be used 2.in cases where the right species are available, the wood must be well enough preserved that the rings are readable to the point that there must be at least 30 intact rings on any one sample. 3. in order to produce an accurate result, it is necessary to have samples of timber that retained their bar k, so that it is clear which ring was the outermost when it was felled. 4. it can only be used if there is an existing master strip for that area and species; if the only master chronology available for the region is oak, cross-matching with timbers of these other species cannot be relied on. 5. use of this technique is also limited on how far back in the past things can be dated with tree rings although bristle cone pine trees can live to 9,000 years, this is a very rare phenomenon. 6.â€Å"sapwood is highly susceptible to decay particularly by beetle larvae and as a â€Å"result all sapwood may have been removed from the accessible surfaces of timbers during building repairs and conservation work, making it impossible to determine when the timber was felled. † 7. it may give inaccurate results on the actual date of the structure if it so happens that the date the timber was felled is not necessarily the date that the building was constructed or that the timber used was imp orted from another area. 8. in some places, prehistoric people may have built their structures using timber however, in most of the world that did not begin to happen until about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago.Thermoluminiscence Thermoluminescence dating is the determination by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose of the time elapsed since the material containing crystalline minerals was either heated or exposed to sunlight. The application ranges from â€Å"Lower Paleolithic to Neolithic archaeological sites, with a major focus on the Middle Paleolithic, which is often beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. † The principle behind this unique dating technique is based on the â€Å"storage of information about the absorbed radiation in inorganic crystals. † It is based on structural damage and faults to the crystal lattice of minerals by ionizing radiation.The sources for this omnipresent radiation are radioactive nuclides from the surrounding sediment and f rom the sample itself, as well as secondary cosmic rays. Thus a radiation dose accumulates in the crystal in the form of electrons in excited states, of which some are metastable and thus resident over periods of time long enough to allow a dating application. During the first heating of the artefact, if the temperature is high enough (400 ° C), the drainage is sufficient to relax all electrons relevant to the luminescence method used; that is, the clock is set to zero and through the years it starts to accumulate natural radiation, upon its second heating it releases all this stored radiation in terms of thermoluminescent light.The released light is then correlated to the absorbed radiation which is then correlated to the archeological age. In practice, knowledge of the composition of the artefact is of importance since the nature or chemical composition of it, as explained above, determines the amount of natural radioisotopes present in it. These natural radioisotopes are respon sible for the greater part of the radiation that is absorbed. If the composition of the artefact is known, then the archeological age of the artefact can be computed by using the â€Å"total amount of absorbed radiation divided by the absorbed dose through internal and external radiation per year. †The greatest advantage of Thermoluminescence dating over other methods is not only the direct association of the event with past human activity on a linear time scale, but also its smaller vulnerability to unknown variation of certain parameters. However, Thermoluminescence dating is still prone to errors and inaccuracies. The evaluation and publishing of results must be done with due care and must meet with certain standards which includes the presentation of glow curves, heating- and DE-plateaus, growth curve(s) and the determination of the alpha sensitivity of each sample. Also, equal care has to be taken in the evaluation of parameters prone to variation with time. ConclusionEa ch of the three dating techniques discussed has its own peculiar way of finding the archaeological era that a sample was created or may have died: Radiocarbon depends on decay, Dendrochronology depends upon growth and thermoluminescence depends upon absorption. The three techniques however different they may be are still connected by a linear timeline, when the accuracy of one technique ends, another begins. Dendrochronology can only be used as long as there are master strips which may reach only up to a maximum of 9,000 years old, results obtained through Radiocarbon, on the other hand, can only be accurate up to 50,000-60,000 years old while Thermoluminescence dating ranges from 10,000 to 230,000 years old. The three dating techniques discussed have their own advantages and disadvantages.In the end, the scientist is the one who weighs all the pro’s and the con’s of any technique and he is given the discretion on what technique to use which he thinks is more appropria te and shall give out more accurate findings. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, Thomas. Thermoluminescence Dating: A Brief Overview. http://www. ati. ac. at/~vanaweb/papers/archview. pdf Fagan, Brian M. and George H. Michaels. Dating Techniques in Archaeology. http://www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/dating/datingtech. html#Dendrochronology Freestone, Ian. Ceramic Analysis. http://ads. ahds. ac. uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/117/11710001. pdf Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. Principles of Dendrochronology. http://web. utk. edu/~grissino/principles. htm Higham, Thomas. The Method. http://www. c14dating. com/int. html Hirst, Kris K.Radiocarbon Dating Method. http://archaeology. about. com/od/rterms/g/radiocarbon. htm Kuniholm, Peter Ian. Dendrochronology. http://www. arts. cornell. edu/dendro/ajatext. html Richter, Daniel. Advantages and Limitations of Thermoluminescence of Heated Flint from Paleolithic Sites. http://www. eva. mpg. de/evolution/staff/richter/pdf/07-RichterGeoarchae ology. pdf Robinson, B. A. How does Carbon-14 Dating (C-14) Work? Is it Accurate and Reliable?. http://www. religioustolerance. org/c14dats. htm Taylor, Jonathan. Dendrochronology in Dating Timber Framed Building and Structures. http://www. buildingconservation. com/articles/dendrochron/dendro. htm

Picture of Government in 1984 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 545 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? As in 1984, surveillance and lack of privacy is the main topic and key theme. As human beings we are completely being monitored on our technology devices of any sort. By being monitored the Government can see exactly what we are doing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Picture of Government in 1984" essay for you Create order Unfortunately, some things are meant with good intent, some are not so good. For example, when you head to the airport and go to a different country they ask you questions until they get what they want. The Government has released multiple articles regarding the privacy of a good samaritan. By the Government releases information it is supposed to keep people informed with what is happening. The Government will never be totally in control of our life, because we will only enable what we want. We cannot control the fact that technology is so easily accessible, but we can control how it is used. It is your choice to go out and buy a smartphone, just like it is your choice to download social media networks that make seeking eachothers personal information easy. Social media is the biggest comparison i can make from our current lives to 1984. We subject ourselves to the governments surveillance due to all the upcoming technology. As the naive humans we are, we allow our thoughts and beliefs to be influenced by social media. No one really has their own opinion anymore, just like the people of Oceania. In 1984, the purpose of technology is to have complete control over citizens in Oceania, they do not want anyone to have their own opinion, beliefs, or rights. Big brother uses technology to make sure there is no such thing as personal thoughts or feelings. Many say that George Orwell wrote 1984 as a warning/prediction for what technology would do to us in modern day time. What is different for us is that we willingly allow the government to have nonstop surveillance of us because of all the new and upcoming technology. Technology today has become so advanced and electronic that we open up our homes and minds just to make it easier on ourselves. On the positive side of the advancement of technology, we are able to travel new exotic places, keep in daily touch with friends who live across the world, and we have cures for millions of illnesses and diseases. Orwells hidden message in writing 1984 is to not to make us hate the government, but to forewarn us what will happen if we allow the government to gain too much control. Orwell shows us what a world with no freedom or privacy would look like. He wants to make readers aware of one big possibility that could happen if the government ever gets too powerful to overthrow. In some ways our technology is taking us closer and closer to a world like Big Brother, because everything is at the touch of our fingers. Our society is gradually becoming more and more democratic which, in theory means we care more for the people, but in reality it means we love the government and want them to help us in every way from providing healthcare, paying medical costs, and raising our pay for the simplest of jobs which really just means giving the government full and total control over our civilian lives.

Gun Control Opposing the Removal of Guns from American...

Because of many incidents involving handguns, and any other type of gun, the government has been trying to push a gun ban law. As a result of this rumor and possible law, there have been numerous outbursts of support and resistance. Some people believe that banning firearms would be a benefit to our nation’s safety and its population’s safety, while others oppose this proposal and say that guns are not the ones that need to be controlled, people should be the ones that are controlled. During this decision, people from different organizations have expressed their own views and thoughts. Gun control has both positive and negative effects on U.S. citizens. Some organizations report that the removal of firearms will reduce crime rates,†¦show more content†¦There have also been references to second amendment that it states that the ownership of handguns rights are not protected, and that it should be easy to make a law to ban them(Roleff, 82). Another person al so says that stricter laws on gun control is needed to ensure the safety and wellbeing of other citizens of the United States(Roleff, 144). Handgun control inc. also supports tough and stricter gun laws and states â€Å"waiting periods will reduce the number of criminals who obtain handguns†(Roleff, 153). People like Larry Elder question the amount of gun control actions that have taken place in the past few years and wonders why more action has not taken place because of all these incidents(More Gun Control). There have been estimates that America has the most injuries and murders due to guns than any other country in the world, and that America has one of the largest crime rates because of the fact that guns are everywhere and are in the hands of the wrong people(More Gun Control). The Brady Act has taken provisions in several states and reports that the homicide rates have decreased, but still the suicide rates remain the same as people would find other ways to end thei r lives(More Gun Control). In 1934, a law called the National Firearms Act, had been set in motion to successfully ban automatic weapons from citizens so that the only ones allowed to have automatic weapons were the police, military, and people with writtenShow MoreRelatedConcealed Carry Handguns : The American People s Right And Choice1587 Words   |  7 PagesConcealed Carry Handguns: The American People’s Right and Choice On December 15, 1791 the United States ratified the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights. This ratification to the constitution gave the American people the unalienable right to bear arms: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (Acosta). In order for the country to remain free, the American people needed the right to protectRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of Police Schools1726 Words   |  7 Pagesproponents of the SRO program believe that the presence of a Police officer represents all that is right and moral and what our children should aspire to be. The resulting observations and interactions with the SRO should result in future responsible citizens. (Modeling theory) Proponents also see the possibility of a child learning self-confidence and competence by watching and interacting with the police. (Self-efficacy) (Pollock, 2014) As more police are added to schools, the levels of reported crimeRead MoreImpact Of Media Coverage During The Vietnam War2252 Words   |  10 Pagesaffected American war-time sentiment while simultaneously establishing and increasing anti-American attitudes across European nations. The Vietnam War, less commonly referred to as the Second Indochina War, has had a tremendous impact on different nations for a variety of reasons and established many wartime firsts. For one, this war was the longest in history, lasting from July 1954 to April 30, 1975. When North Vietnamese forces defeated the French after a longstanding fight for control in JulyRead MoreAfrican Americans Suffer the Most From Police Brutality1845 Words   |  8 Pagesforce beyond what is reasonably necessary in order to control a situation. It is a common misnomer that people believe some police use excessive force more often than not. What’s more concerning is most of the time people believe that this excessive force is usually focused upon the African American men, women, and children. This misnomer is typically found to be found in city settings where the population consists of mostly African Americans. The population make up causes the common belief to seemRead MoreSyrian Uprising : Syr ia A Socialist Republic That Formed Part Of The Arab Homeland1789 Words   |  8 Pagesand the leader’s forces responded with violent â€Å"enforcement of regulations†. After months of military attacks, the conflict emerged from protest to a rebellion. The rebels are made up of a coalition of opposition groups and individuals, who support the Syrian revolution side and are against the Assad government ruling in Syria. Many fighters in this group come from outside the country and are motivated by the Syrian war. Additionally, this group contains former prisoners and ex-Saddam era Iraqi armyRead MoreKmad2532 Words   |  11 Pagesdocument  and  any  point  of  view  that  may  be  presented  in  the  document. Historical  Context: During  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  1800s,  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  federal  Ã‚  government  Ã‚  promoted  Ã‚  westward  Ã‚  expansion  Ã‚  in  Ã‚  a variety  of  ways.  Ã‚  This  expansion  changed  the  shape  and  character  of  the  country. Task:  Ã‚  Using  Ã‚  information  Ã‚  from  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  documents  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  your  Ã‚  knowledge  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  United  Ã‚  States history,  answer  the  questions  that  follow  each  document  in  Part  A.  Ã‚  Your  answers  to the  questions  will  help  write  the  Part  B  essay  in  which  you  will  be  asked  to  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe  the  actionsRead More The Removal of the Cherokee Essay5749 Words   |  23 Pagesafter the implementation of his Indian policy are indeed heinous and continually pose questions of morality for all generations. Ancient Native American tribes were forced from their ancestral homes in an effort to increase the aggressive expansion of white settlers during the early years of the United States. The most notable removal came after the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Cherokee, whose journey was known as the Trail of Tears, and the four other civilized tribes, Chickasaw, Choctaw, CreekRead More The Removal of Prayer from Public Schools Essay4217 Words   |  17 Pages The removal of prayer from public schools is a very controversial and misunderstood debate. This paper will address the history of the debate, common myths and misunderstandings, and the current trends. History of the Debate: Public schools originated in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and soon spread across New England. They began with an elementary school for every fifty families and a Latin school for every one hundred families. Their mission was toRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Cartels in Mexico2350 Words   |  10 PagesIn ten years of fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan, 6,335 US soldiers have been killed in combat. In less than half that span of time, from December 2006 to December 2010, approximately 38,000 Mexican citizens were killed by cartel related violence. Even without counting the many thousands of Mexicans who were killed before December 2006, the War on Drugs, over ten years, will be fifteen times deadlier than the War on Terror. The level of violence near the border is unacceptable and the United StatesRead MoreSurvey of Law Final Study Guide Essay6030 Words   |  25 Pagesexcept: Answer: direct the jury to render â€Å"guilty† or â€Å"not guilty† within a specified short period of time. In Baston v. Kentucky (1986), the Supreme Court held that a prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges to exclude African-Americans from a jury trying an African-American defendants was ground for the defendant to claim discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. If the prosecution offered in evidence a relevant, but unsigned, statement purportedly made by

Impacts of government Regulation, Land Ownership, and...

1 Introduction Brownfield development is the process of redevelopment on previously developed lands that are abandoned, closed or underused (Adams, De Sousa Tiesdell, 2010). While some brownfield can be too contaminated, most brownfields are re-useable to create great value once cleaned up. And in this world of scarce resources, brownfield development becomes crucial as we focus more on sustainability and resource optimizing. While factors of rising awareness of urban sustainability issues, presence of derelict/disused urban space and society’s rising demand for ‘urban lifestyle’ promotes brownfield development, the process to transfer from greenfield development to brownfield development can be very complicated. In this paper, I will†¦show more content†¦The implementation significantly increased the percentage of brownfield development from 50% in 1995 to 60% in 1998 (Adams, 2004). This clearly shows the effectiveness of regulations on brownfield development. However , DETR (mentioned in Adams, 2004) point out we should not be overly positive about the apparent statistic results because they might not be 100% reflective of true facts due to existing loopholes in the structure of the policy. Those loopholes are failure to distinguish rural and urban brownfield development, failure to leave out conversion of good buildings, and failure to recognize the economic effects of housing downturn (DETR as mentioned in Adams, 2004). Generally speaking, location control does promote and increase urban brownfield residential development. But, attention can easily be distracted (Adams, 2004). This is also consistent with founding by Adams, De Sousa Tiesdell (2010). In addition, while location control gave urban brownfield residential development a base start, permitting certain amounts of compulsory purchase of brownfield sites (Adams, De Sousa Tiesdell, 2010) boosted urban brownfield development. This would be another example of government promoting brownfield development by making site assembling easier for developer. This course of action becomes more significant as we get to section 3. On the other hand, regulations that

How to Respect Your Parents Free Essays

How to respect your parents? There are many days set aside in non-Islamic societies to honour and appreciate special people; examples of these are Father’s Day, Mother’s Day, Memorial Day and Labour Day. In Islam, however, respecting, honouring and appreciating parents is not just for a single day of the year, but rather for each and every day. Parents in the Quran: A Muslim child should respect and appreciate his or her parents on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Respect Your Parents or any similar topic only for you Order Now Allaah mentions that human beings must recognise their parents and that this is second only to the recognition of Allaah Himself. Throughout the Quran, we notice that parents are mentioned with appreciation and respect. In the Quran, there is a very beautiful description of how parents are to be treated; Allaah Says (what means):  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And your Lord has decreed that you not worship except Him, and to parents, good treatment. Whether one or both of them reach old age [while] with you, say not to them [so much as] ‘uff’ [i. e. , an expression of irritation or disapproval] and do not repel them but speak to them a noble word. And lower to them the wing of humility out of mercy and say: ‘My Lord! Have mercy upon them as they brought me up [when I was] small. ‘†Ã‚  [Quran 17:23-24] The recognition and respect of parents is mentioned in the Quran eleven times; in every instance, Allaah reminds children to recognise and to appreciate the love and care that they have received from their parents. One such example is when Allaah says what means:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And We have enjoined upon man goodness to parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  [Quran 29:8 46:15] 3. In Chapter Al-An’aam, Allaah reemphasises that people should be kind to their parents; He says what means:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Say: ‘Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited to you. He commands] that you not associate anything with Him, and to parents, good treatment†¦ ‘†Ã‚  [Quran 6:151] Mother First Among parents, it is usually the mother who makes the most sacrifice and endures the most hardship in the care of her children. She gives birth and looks after them. Islam recognizes this fact, offering m ore honor to the mother as a parent. Muhammad once said, â€Å"Paradise is placed at the mothers’ feet,† so high is their status and regard. The Qur’an reminds people of the sacrifices and hardships that mothers face on behalf of their children. â€Å"And e enjoined upon mankind concerning parents: his mother carried him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is two years. Therefore show gratitude to Allah and to your parents† (Qur’an 31:14). On another occasion, some people asked the Prophet Muhammad, â€Å"To whom should we show kindness first? † He answered, â€Å"Your mother. † Then he was asked again, â€Å"And after that, then whom? † Muhammad again replied, â€Å"Your mother. † He was asked yet again, and he gave the same reply again: â€Å"Your mother. † Only after that, when he was asked one more time, did he answer, â€Å"Then, your father. Duties to Parents Our life would not be possible without th e sacrifice and hard work of our parents, who cared for us and met all our needs when we were young. The Qur’an addresses this point in one touching verse: â€Å"And your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him, and that you be kind to parents. If one or both of them attain old age during your life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor repel them. But address them in terms of honour, and lower to them the wing of humility, out of mercy, and say, ‘My Lord! Bestow on them Your Mercy, as they did bring me up when I was young’† (Qur’an 17:23–24). Muslims are advised to treat their parents gently and respectfully. They should always strive to please them and never become impatient or rude with them. Muslims consider it an honour and a blessing to be able to care for their parents in old age. After all, it’s the least we can do to repay them for all of their hard work and sacrifice. Nursing homes and hospice care are new phenomena in the Muslim world, and they are not widely accepted. Elderly and ill family members almost always remain in the homes of children or relatives, cared for and respected until death. Muhammad encouraged his followers to treat their parents well and to be mindful of their needs. Once, a young man came to him and wanted to join the Muslim army on the battlefield to defend the community from attack. Muhammad asked him if his parents were living. When the young man said they were, he told him: â€Å"Then go back to your parents, serve them, and deal with them kindly. This is as good as fighting for God’s sake. † Muslims consider their parents’ opinions about important matters, such as choosing a career path, spouse, or place to live. As a Muslim gets older, any income she earns is partially used to support her parents and meet their needs. A Muslim prays that after their deaths, God will forgive her parents and show mercy toward them. Also, you should always listen and obey to the commands that your parents have told you to do. Always take care of them afterall to have them is a big gift. How to cite How to Respect Your Parents, Papers

Aims of Academic Study free essay sample

To accomplish it, there are obviously needed excessive practices and comfortable surrounding environments including lass-size. This essay will deal with the alms of the academic study and various ways of how to accomplish the aims. Firstly, the aims of the academic study are to help students to discover and form future goals or careers and show the whole view of different kinds of jobs, aims and tasks that suits the desires and determine specific goals for the future.It is a tough fight for people who do not have a clear future goal or career and it also can be a burden in the future by making it hard for them to find a suitable job. Therefore, it is highly important to have higher knowledge and a clear plan, to moment for a chance to obtain a position. Secondly, the aims of the academic study also assist the university and college students. We will write a custom essay sample on Aims of Academic Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is highly important for college students to have high academic skills due to its complexity.This will also help them to understand a wide range of academically important subjects and deal with a particular task. University is the greatest challenge place for adults and the most crucial part of all is to pass the tests and to finish the final exam in university. Another advantage is that the aims of academic study also enhance knowledge in critical-thinking, problem-solving and general information. Improving abilities in thinking more deeply and organizing ideas in order to solve things in a higher level requires extra knowledge of general information.This idea means that the academic performer appears to have a stronger sense of solving and thinking in a greater way than normal person does. Additionally, it enriches several kinds of knowledge and self-reflection in real life including social skills. On the other hand, in order to accomplish or reach these aim, pupils should try undertaking excessive researches and focus on the course as much as possible. They also expand their knowledge of general information by reading numerous articles and news.Nonetheless, they require support from their surrounding include parents, peers, teachers and class-sized. Different types class sized is also a notice problem for pupils to decide to choose. Finn calculated that Students in small classes outperformed their counterparts in normal-sized classes by a fifth Of standard deviation ? by Renumber et al. (2001) Does class size matter?. To sum up, academic studies have an important role in the educational societies as its aims help the academic performers in various ways to reach and succeed their future goal.

Korean Pollution Essays - Air Pollution, Pollution, Pollutant

Korean Pollution Deadly particles are circulating within our air supply. They are ?the most life threatening for of air pollution.? These are tiny particles of soot and other matter released from diesel engines in lorries, buses, and coaches. They are believed to have played a role in the premature deaths of 8,000 people. Other pollutants known as GMM's are causing such damage. GMM's are genetically modified micro-organisms. These micro-organisms are released from factories and laboratories and go into the atmosphere, and water supplies. They are most life threatening to elderly, and already ill people. (McCarthy 1) Large clouds of these particles were originally believed to originate in Britain, but studies show now that they may also originate in continental Europe. These large clouds drift across the English Channel, and into the North Sea., thus contaminating the sea. Some of the main pollutants are as follows: Benzene, 1,2-butadiene, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. There have been different goals set to lower the amount of these pollutants, however some aren't expected to be decreased until 2008. In this time many lives may be lost prematurely. England, who is still believed to be the primary contributor of such toxins is planning to take action, but slowly, still maintaining that cleaning these pollutants is ?unachievable, even if every engine on British roads was turned off.? We believe that this is more harmful than Britain realizes, and more action must be taken. Such pollutants may kill animals, and lower the food supply, especially fish in the North Sea. More time and money must be dedicated to the immediate removal of such contaminants, and new emissions standards should be set. We would like the UN to set aside money, for the sole purpose of cleaning up the North Sea, and eliminating some of these GMM's and other such toxins. Such damage to the environment can be felt globally and is a huge issue. (McCarthy 1) Bibliography none

Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils Using Gas Chromatography Essays

Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils Using Gas Chromatography Essays Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils Using Gas Chromatography Paper Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils Using Gas Chromatography Paper Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils using Gas Chromatography Lyndon Justin T. Guzman Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City Date Performed: February 2; February 4, 2011 Date Submitted: February 18, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to isolate the essential oil from eucalyptus leaves as a pure compound; moreover, the components of the essential oil, camphor and limonene, will be then separated using gas chromatography technique, identify the components by their retention times, and compute for the concentration and percentage content of each component by their peak areas and peak heights. The volatile oil from eucalyptus leaves was isolated with the use of steam distillation setup, then using a separatory funnel to pipette out the extract from the distillate. A gas chromatography, with nitrogen gas as the carrier gas and a flame ionization detector, was used to separate and characterize the components of the essential oil. The retention times, peak areas, and peak heights were obtained for qualitative and quantitative analysis. A percentage of 0. 05% and 2. 85% were obtained as the content of camphor and limonene in the extracted oil, respectively. It also goes to show that limonene has greater concentration than that of camphor in the essential oil extract. Indeed, steam distillation and gas chromatography techniques are essential methods for extracting essential oils and separating natural compounds from plants. I. Introduction Gas chromatography is used for separations of volatile or reasonably volatile organic liquids and solids. In this method of chromatography, the components are partitioned between a liquid coating on the column (the stationary phase) and an inert gas (the mobile phase). The stationary phase for gas chromatography is usually an organic polymer coated on the inside of a tube, such as long capillary, and the mobile phase is an inert gas, such as hydrogen, helium, or nitrogen. (Druelinger, 2000) Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a gas chromatographic system. cee. vt. edu/ewr/environmental/teach/smprimer/gc/gc. html A small volume (1-10 ? L) of a mixture of volatile substances (usually dissolved in a solvent) is injected by syringe onto a heated column through which an inert carrier gas is flowing. The heat applied, as well as the gas flow, helps the molecules from the sample travel through the column. Smaller, more volatile molecules generally emerge first from the opposite end of the column and are detected. The detector is connected to a recorder/data system, which shows a deflection when a sample passes the detector in proportion to the amount of sample detected. Compounds are eluted through an exit port either in an intact form or as combustion products, depending on the type of detector used. (Druelinger, 2000) The characteristic aromas of plants are due to the volatile oils, or also known as essential oils, which have been used since antiquity as a source of fragrances and flavorings. These oils occur in all living parts of the plant; they are often concentrated in twigs, leaves, flowers, and seeds. Essential oils are generally complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carbonyl compounds mostly belonging to the broad group of plant products known as terpenes. (Dalrymple and Moore, 1976) One of the many types of samples easily characterized by the technique of gas chromatography is the essential oil. These essential oils are isolated from the plant tissue by steam distillation. Since organic compounds are generally miscible with one another, this phenomenon is usually observed only when one of the liquids is water with one or more immiscible organic liquids; in these cases, the distillation process is called steam distillation (Ault, 1983). The technique of steam distillation is based upon the principle that each component of immiscible liquid mixtures contributes to the total vapor pressure as if the other components were not there (Druelinger et. l. , 2000). As the temperature of such a mixture in an apparatus open to the atmosphere is raised, the vapor pressure of each substance increases until the total vapor pressure equals the pressure of the atmosphere. Since the total vapor pressure is the sum of the individual vapor pressures, the total vapor pressure must become equal to atmospheric pressure at a temperature below the boiling point of either pure substance (Ault, 1983). The mixture thus distills at a temperature below the boiling point of either pure component. This can be explained using a combination of Dalton’s and Raoult’s Law: Patm = XAPÂ °A + XBPÂ °B where Patm is the atmospheric pressure, XA and XB are the mole fractions of compounds A and B, and PÂ °A and PÂ °B are the vapor pressures of pure liquids A and B. Their individual contributions are dependent on their respective mole fractions, and both liquids contribute to the vapor pressure of the system (Institute of Chemistry, UPD, 2010). In this experiment, a major constituent of volatile oils from eucalyptus leaves will be isolated as a pure compound with high purity via steam distillation. These essential oils are camphor and limonene and by using the gas chromatography technique, the different components of the eucalyptus essential oil will be separated. This experiment also aims to manipulate the gas chromatography system and change conditions in order to effectively and efficiently separate the components, and therefore achieve a good resolution. The components will be identified by determination of their retention times relative to those of a homologous series of n-alkanes by co-injection with authentic (standard) samples. II. Methodology Extraction of Essential Oils by Steam Distillation A steam distillation setup was prepared as shown in Figure 2 below (Note 1). The sample (Note 2) was cut into small pieces and an amount enough to fill three-fourths of a 1-L round bottom flask was collected. 400-mL distilled water was weighed and added into the flask. The mixture was steam distilled rapidly until you have about 100 mL of the distillate. Figure 2. Steam distillation setup. pharmainfo. net/reviews/fractional-distillation-binary-solvent-mixture The distillate was placed in a separatory funnel and 2. 0 g NaCl was added. The funnel was left to stand until separation of layers occurred. All the extract was then pipetted out (Note 3). The mixture was dried by adding enough anhydrous sodium sulfate to the mixture until the sodium sulfate swirled freely. If the entire drying agent clumped, another spatula-full anhydrous sodium sulfate was added. The mixture was then swirled. The mixture was dry if there were no visible signs of water and the drying agent flowed freely in the container. The essential oil and aqueous distillate were stored in separate tightly-sealed, properly-labeled containers (vials) in the freezer for future use in the FT-IR analysis experiment or GC experiment or special project (Note 4). Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Essential Oils Solution Preparation 1. Reference Solution. Separate stock solutions of 500 ppm of camphor and limonene in acetone were prepared. 50-300 ppm working standard solutions were also prepared (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 ppm) (Note 5). 2. Essential Oil Extract. 0. 5 mL of the pure extract (from steam distillation) was measured and diluted with acetone in a 10-mL volumetric flask. Instrumentation Gas chromatography was performed using a Shimadzu GC-14B using Equity 1 (30 m x 0. 25 ? m ID, 0. 25 mm film thickness) capillary column with N2 as a carrier gas. The following were the operating conditions: N2 flow rate| 1. 0 mL/min| Column temperature| initial 50Â °C (at 4 mins)| Ramp| 20Â °C/min to 210Â °C| Injector temperature| 200Â °C| Detector temperature| 250Â °C| Before the start of the experiment, the GC must have warmed up. Refer to the GC condensed procedure. Gas Chromatographic Analysis 1. 0 ? L of the standard camphor solution was injected and its chromatogram was generated. The procedure was repeated using limonene standard solution. The recorded retention times and peak areas of these substances were noted. 1. 0 ? L of the test solution (essential oil extract) was injected. Using the retention times determined from the chromatogram with the standard solution, the components of the standard solution was located on the chromatogram obtained with the test solution (Note 6). After all solutions have been injected and data computer-processed, the GC was left to run at the highest column temperature used in the experiment with the N2 gas flowing at a slower rate than the experimental flow rate for 15-20 minutes. The injector temperature was set to room temperature and slowly lowered the column temperature down to room temperature with the N2 gas still flowing in the system. Once everything reached room temperature, the gas flow was left to stand for another 10-15 minutes, after which the GC can be turned off. Notes 1. Boiling chips were added to the steam generator and sample flasks. 2. Each group must use different plant samples. 3. There should be two layers after the addition of NaCl solution. One was mostly water. The other was mostly extracted oil. To find out which is which, a small amount of water was added to the flask, whichever layer dissolved the water drop was the aqueous layer. The layer of essential oil was then carefully pipetted out. . If you have to get more of the organic layer out of the water, you can perform a back-extraction (solvent extraction) experiment. 5. All standard and sample solutions were stored in a well-filled, airtight container, protected from light and a temperature not exceeding 25Â °C. 6. The assay was not valid unless the number of theoretical plates calculated for the peak due to limonene at 110Â °C was at leas t 30000; the resolution between the peaks corresponding to limonene and cineole was at least 1. 5. Waste Disposal All solid wastes were disposed in the trash can. Waste acetone was poured into properly labeled waste container exclusively for acetone. Do not pour waste acetone in the sink! III. Results and Discussion The extraction of the essential oils, camphor and limonene, from the eucalyptus leaves sample was carried out using the steam distillation technique. camphor Figure 3. Structural formulas for camphor and limonene. The boiling point of the oily, aqueous distillate will never exceed the boiling point of water. This is because both water and the oily component each contribute to the total vapor pressure as if the other component was not present. The mixture boils when the combined vapor pressures of water and oil equal the atmospheric pressure. The oil has a small, but significant vapor pressure at 100Â °C, so that the boiling point of the mixture will be just below the boiling point of water. (Druelinger, 2000) The mass of the eucalyptus leaves that were extracted was 112. 98 g. 100 mL of the distillate was produced from the steam distillation. Only a small amount of oil was extracted within the distillate by a separatory funnel. The components of the oil sample were then separated and characterized using the gas chromatography technique with a flame ionization detector. Nitrogen gas served as the carrier gas or the mobile phase that moved the sample throughout the column. The chromatograms, plots of detector response versus time, of the standards and the sample were taken. Retention times were noted for qualitative analysis. Peak areas and peak heights were also recorded for and quantitative analysis of the essential oils. Table 1. Retention times of camphor and limonene standard and sample solutions. Solution| Retention Time (min)| pure standard camphor| 9. 021| pure standard limonene| 7. 908| extracted camphor sample| 9. 347| extracted limonene sample| 7. 89| From the given data above for the retention time, the retention time of the camphor and limonene from the standard solutions, 9. 021 min and 7. 908 min, respectively, were close to the retention time of the camphor and limonene with that of the sample solution, 9. 347 min and 7. 889 min. It was deduced that the camphor and limonene from the sample solution were present compounds in the extrac ted oil from eucalyptus leaves. Below is a table shown for the resulted peak areas and peak heights from the chromatograms of camphor and limonene standard solutions. Table 2. Peak areas and peak heights of camphor and limonene standard solutions. Solution| Peak Area| Peak Height| pure standard camphor| 46848| 17109| 50 ppm| 4427| 1113| 150 ppm| 12904| 4627| 200 ppm| 20417| 6065| 250 ppm| 15683| 5282| pure standard limonene| 56156| 20681| 50 ppm| 4419| 1236| 150 ppm| 15058| 4946| 200 ppm| 20464| 6452| 250 ppm| 20875| 5913| Figure 4. Camphor standard solutions vs. Peak area. Figure 5. Camphor standard solutions vs. Peak height. Table 3. Determination of the concentration of camphor component in the sample. Camphor Sample| Value| Concentration (ppm)| Peak Area| 5820| 67. 8| Peak Height| 1544| 61. 57| From the plotted calibration curve on the peak height and peak area for the camphor component, a regression equation is formulated in each curve with linearities almost equal to 1. From the acquired data on peak area and peak height of the camphor sample, the concentration of the camphor is 67. 98 ppm when the peak area is 5820 and 61. 57 ppm when the peak heigh t is 1544. Figure 6. Limonene standard solutions vs. Peak area. Figure 7. Limonene standard solutions vs. Peak height. Table 4. Determination of the concentration of limonene component in the sample. Limonene Sample| Value| Concentration (ppm)| Peak Area| 306384| 2875. 39| Peak Height| 102881| 2943. 95| From the plotted calibration curve on the peak height and peak area for the limonene component, a regression equation is formulated in each curve with linearities also almost equal to 1. From the obtained data on peak and peak height of the limonene sample, the concentration of the limonene is 2875. 39 ppm when the peak area is 306384 and 2943. 95 ppm when the peak height is 102881. To determine the percentage content of the components of the essential oil, the area normalization method is applied. Determining the areas beneath all of the peaks of a chromatogram enables to assign percentages to each of the components of a sample. Table 5. Determination of the percentage content of camphor and limonene sample. Component| Area| Total Area| % Content| camphor| 5820| 10766407| 0. 05%| limonene| 306384| | 2. 85%| Using the formula for area normalization, the computed percentage contents for camphor and limonene are 0. 05% and 2. 85%, respectively. This suggests that there is a greater amount of limonene in the oil extracted from the eucalyptus leaves than that of camphor. The very low percentage implies that extracting and separating natural organic compounds from essential oils give you a very low yield that’s why you need to have huge amounts of starting material to extract from to get a relatively high percentage of its components. IV. Conclusion In this experiment, the essential oil from eucalyptus leaves was isolated as a pure compound by steam distillation. The components of the eucalyptus essential oil, camphor and limonene, were separated using the gas chromatography technique having a flame ionization detector. The components were also identified through determination of their retention times and were confirmed that camphor and limonene are present, having a retention time of 9. 347 and 7. 889, respectively. Calibration curves on peak areas and peak heights on camphor and limonene were formed. Concentrations of the components were calculated and gave 67. 98 ppm and 61. 57 ppm for camphor, and 2875. 39 ppm and 2943. 95 ppm for limonene. The percentage contents of the components were also determined. The essential oil extracted constituted 0. 5% camphor and 2. 85% limonene. Steam distillation is a useful method for isolating high-boiling liquids, such as oils, from other non-volatile organic compounds, such as waxes, complex fats, proteins, and sugars (Druelinger, 2000). Natural oils can be isolated readily by steam distillation. Individual compounds can be separated from the essential oil by gas chromatography wherein the components of a vaporized sample are separated as a consequence of bei ng partitioned between a mobile gaseous phase and a liquid stationary phase held in a column. Gas chromatography is the most widely used technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis for analysis times are short, very small amounts of sample are required and an ideal tool for the microscale and miniscale organic laboratories. If you want to obtain large percentage of compounds from the extracted essential oil, you need to have huge amounts of eucalyptus leaves and it will take you a long time to steam distill. The standards should be injected under the same set of conditions for if not, this will lead to erroneous comparisons of data. You can manipulate some parameters like type of column, carrier gas flow rate, injector temperature, and column temperature to compare some effects on the quantitative breakdown of the experiment. V. References Skoog, D. A. , West, D. M. , Holler, F. J. and S. R. Crouch. 2004. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition. Thomson Learning Asia, Singapore. Institiute of Chemistry. Intermediate Chemistry Laboratory II Manual. 2010. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines. Druelinger, M. L. , B. A. Gaddis and A. M. Schoffstall. 2000. Microscale and Miniscale Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , USA. Dalrymple, D. L. and J. A. Moore. 1976. Experimental Methods in Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition. W. B. Saunders Company, USA. Ault, A. 1983. Techniques and Experiments for Organic Chemistry, 4th edition. Allyn and Bacon, Inc. , USA. VI. Appendix Calculations Concentration of camphor component in the sample peak area = 5820 regression equation: y = 103. 48x – 1214. 9 5820 = 103. 48x – 1214. 9 x = 67. 98 ppm peak height = 1544 regression equation: y = 33. 317x – 507. 9 1544 = 33. 317x – 507. 29 x = 61. 57 ppm Concentration of limonene component in the sample peak area = 306384 regression equation: y = 106. 88x – 937. 57 306384 = 106. 88x – 937. 57 x = 2875. 39 ppm peak height = 102881 y = 35. 106x – 469. 43 102881 = 35. 106x – 469. 43 x = 2943. 95 ppm Percentage content of camphor sample %content = (area / total area) x 100 %co ntent = (5820/10766407) x 100 %content = 0. 05% Percentage content of limonene sample %content = (area / total area) x 100 %content = (306384/10766407) x 100 %content = 2. 85% Answers to Questions 1. The gas chromatography technique is used for separations of volatile or reasonably volatile organic liquids and solids. 2. Thermal conductivity detectors (TCD), flame ionization detectors (FID), and electron capture detectors (ECD) are commonly used type of detectors. The thermal conductivity detector, which was one of the earliest detectors for gas chromatography, senses a difference in thermal conductivity of gases eluting from a GC column. The thermal conductivities of helium and hydrogen are roughly 6 to 10 times greater than those of most organic compounds. Thus, even small amounts of organic species cause relatively large decreases in the thermal conductivity of the column effluent, which results in a marked rise in the temperature of the detector. (Skoog et. al. , 2004) Flame ionization detectors, the most widely used and applicable detector for GC, consist of a flame fueled by hydrogen gas. Functional groups, such as carbonyl, alcohol, halogen, and amine, yield fewer ions or none at all in a flame. The detector is insensitive towards non-combustible gases such as H2O, CO2, SO2, and NO2. These properties make the FID a most useful detector for the analysis of most organic samples, including those that are contaminated with water and the oxides of nitrogen and sulfur. (Skoog et. al. , 2004) The electron capture detector has become one of the most widely used detectors for environmental samples because this detector selectively responds to halogen-containing organic compounds, such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. (Skoog et. al. , 2004) 3. An elution with a single solvent or a solvent mixture of constant composition is isocratic. For samples with a broad boiling range, it is often desirable to employ temperature programming, whereby the column temperature is either increased continuously or in steps as the separation proceeds. 4. polydimethyl siloxane – general-purpose nonpolar phase, hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatics, steroids, PCBs polyethylene glycol – free acids, alcohols, ethers, essential oils, glycols 5% phenyl-polydimethyl siloxane – fatty acid methyl esters, alkaloids, drugs, halogenated compounds 50% cyanopropyl-polydimethyl siloxane – polyunsaturated fatty acids, rosin acids, free acids, alcohols . Table 6. Internal Standard method for GC. % analyte| Peak height analyte| Peak height internal std| Peak height ratio (analyte/internal std)| 0. 05| 18. 8| 50. 0| 0. 38| 0. 10| 48. 1| 64. 1| 0. 75| 0. 15| 63. 4| 55. 1| 1. 15| 0. 20| 63. 2| 42. 7| 1. 48| 0. 25| 93. 6| 53. 8| 1. 74| unknown| 58. 9| 49. 4| 1. 19| Figure 8. Peak Height Ratio vs. Percent Analyte. regression equat ion: y = 6. 9x + 0. 065 slope = 6. 9 y-intercept = 0. 065 concentration of unknown: . 19 = 6. 9x + 0. 065 x = 0. 16304 standard deviation = 0. 007939 Chromatograms Figure 9. 50 ppm standard solution chromatogram. Figure 10. 150 ppm standard solution chromatogram. Figure 11. 200 ppm standard solution chromatogram. Figure 12. 250 ppm standard solution chromatogram. Figure 13. Pure standard camphor solution chromatogram. Figure 14. Pure standard limonene solution chromatogram. Figure 15. Essential oil extract chromatogram.